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also in connection with the provocations by to foster sentiments of national pride among of fraternal amity and fruitful cooperation
the USA around the Taiwan Straits in the the people, as well as some preliminary have been established on a lasting basis and
summer of 1958. The most important politi- success in implementing the  Great Leap are growing wider and stronger with every
cal event that year in Soviet-Chinese rela- Forward, caused a number of cadre work- passing year. These relations are a decisive
tions, which had an enormously positive ers in the PRC to take on airs.106 They factor in the further growth of the might and
influence on the development of the whole began excessively emphasizing China s cohesion of the world socialist camp and in
international situation, was the July-August uniqueness and displaying a guarded atti- the consolidation of world peace and the
meeting in Beijing between Comrades N. S. tude toward Soviet experience and the rec- security of nations.
Khrushchev and Mao Zedong.100 During ommendations of Soviet specialists.107
an exchange of views they considered a Some began declaring that the Soviet Union
1. N. S. Khrushchev, Vospominaniya, 6 vols. (Moscow:
typescript, 1966-1970), Vol. 5 ( Vzaimootnosheniya s
number of matters pertaining to Soviet-Chi- had stayed too long at the socialist stage of
sotsialisticheskimi stranami ), Part G
nese relations and, in particular, questions of development, while China was moving val-
( Vzaimootnosheniya s Kitaem ), pp. 77-78.
military cooperation.101 The speech by iantly ahead toward Communism. The Chi-
2.  Vnutripoliticheskoe, ekonomicheskoe i
Cde. N. S. Khrushchev, including his state- nese press quite actively featured criticism
mezhdunarodnoe polozhenie KNR, Fond (F.) 5, Opis
(Op.) 30, Delo (D.) 307, Listy (Ll.) 49-79, TsKhSD.
ment that an attack on the PRC would be of the socialist principles implemented in
3. The section, entitled  Sovetsko-kitaiskie
regarded as an attack on the Soviet Union the USSR for the distribution of material
otnosheniya, is on Ll. 71-79.
itself, was fervently greeted with expres- goods in accordance with one s labor, for the
4. For two quite different versions of this theme, see
sions of gratitude and approval in China.102 compensation of labor on a job-by-job basis,
Donald S. Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict, 1956-
1961 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1962);
The government of the PRC displayed great and so forth. Some authors essentially ar-
and Steven M. Goldstein,  Nationalism and Interna-
satisfaction at our assurance about our readi- gued that communes were incompatible with
tionalism: Sino-Soviet Relations, in Thomas W.
ness to launch a nuclear strike in retaliation kolkhozes.108
Robinson and David Shambaugh, eds., Chinese For-
for a nuclear strike against China.103 In Later on, after studying materials from
eign Policy: Theory and Practice (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1994), 224-265, esp. 224-248. Zagoria argues
turn, the Chinese government declared that the Congress and after numerous mistakes
that China s policy vis-a-vis other countries (including
the PRC will come to the assistance of the arose during the establishment of the peas-
the Soviet Union) was largely determined by the shift-
USSR in any part of the globe if an attack is ant communes and during the implementa-
ing fortunes of  left and  right factions within the
carried out against it. tion of the  Great Leap Forward, the CPC
Chinese leadership. Goldstein attributes the collapse of
COLD WAR INTERNATIONAL HISTORY PROJECT BULLETIN 180
Sino-Soviet cooperation to a  fundamental change in 1818. Predsedatelem Tsentral nogo Narodnogo Pravitel stva
[Mao s own] domestic political priorities, which el- 9. See, e.g.,  The Origin and Development of the Differ- Kitaiskoi Narodnoi Respubliki Mao Tsze-dunom 16
evated  national over  internationalist concerns. ences Between the Leadership of the CPSU and Our- dekabrya 1949 g., Arkhiv Prezidenta Rossiiskoi
Although Goldstein does not dismiss factional politics selves: Comment on the Open Letter of the Central Federatsii (APRF), f. 45, op. 1, d. 329, ll. 9-17; and
altogether, he argues that  Mao was able to set the tone Committee of the CPSU by the Editorial Departments of  Zapis besedy I. V. Stalina s Predsedatelem
and the agenda of Chinese politics himself, and that People s Daily and Red Flag, 6 September 1963, in Tsentral nogo Narodnogo Pravitel stva Kitaiskoi
China s relations with the Soviet Union were therefore Peking Review 6:37 (13 September 1963), 6-23. Narodnoi Respubliki Mao-Tsze-Dunom, 22 yanvarya
 decisively altered when  Mao s thought about 10. Among countless studies citing 1956 as the start of 1950 g., APRF, f. 45, op. 1, d. 329, ll. 29-38.
China s domestic condition underwent a sea change in the conflict are Zagoria, The Sino-Soviet Conflict; Wil- 16. Among many examples of gaps in official tran-
the years 1956-9 (emphasis added). For an opposing liam E. Griffith, The Sino-Soviet Rift (Cambridge, MA: scripts are the exchanges deleted from the Polish record
view, see John Gittings, The World and China, 1922- The MIT Press, 1964); Francois Fejto, Chine-URSS, de of the five-power meeting in Warsaw in July 1968
1972 (New York: Harper and Row, 1974). Unlike l alliance au conflit, 1950-1972 (Paris: Editions due ( Protokol ze spotkania przywodcow partii i rzadow
Zagoria and Goldstein (and many others), Gittings Seuil, 1973); Zbigniew K. Brzezinski, The Soviet Bloc: krajow socjalistycznych: Bulgarii, NRD, Polski,
avers that changes in the external climate led to shifts Unity and Conflict, rev. and enlarged ed. (Cambridge, Wegier, i ZSRR, in Archiwum Akt Nowych, Arch. KC
in Chinese domestic politics, rather than the other way MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), esp. 271-308 and PZPR, Paczka 193, Tom 24, Dokument 4) and the
around. For a similar, though more qualified, assess- 357-432; Jean Baby, La grande controverse sino- Czechoslovak account of the Soviet-Czechoslovak
ment, see Michael B. Yahuda, China s Role in World sovietique, 1956-66 (Paris: Grasset, 1966); G. F. Hudson, meeting in Cierna nad Tisou in July-August 1968
Affairs (New York: St. Martin s Press, 1978), esp. 11-  Introduction, in G. F. Hudson, Richard Lowenthal, ( Zaznam jednani predsednictva UV KSC a UV KSSS
42 and 102-129. Curiously, very few Western scholars and Roderick MacFarquhar, eds., The Sino-Soviet Dis- v Cierna n. T., 29.7.-1.8.1968, in Archiv Ustredniho [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]